Health and Hygiene

1. What is hygiene?

    Hygiene is the science which deals with the principles of promoting health,             personal and public.

2. What is Sanitation?

   Sanitation is the art of keeping ourselves and surroundings neat and clean.

3. What is personal hygiene?

 Cleanliness of hair, Cleanliness of body and skin, Cleanliness of nails, Cleanliness   of clothes, Cleanliness of teeth.

4. How will you purity water?

   Sedimentation – Adding chemical coagulates as alumino etc., results in rapid formation of flakes which sediment rapidly carrying organic and other impurities with them to the bottom of the container.

Filtration – It can be carried out by canvas cloth, filters, plastic filter or ceramic filters. 

Sterilization – boiling does it. It prevents water borne diseases.

Chlorination -  It is the addition of a calculated quantity of chlorine to the filtered water. It will pathogenic bacteria, remove harmful chemicals and removes the smell and taste.

5. What are types of Latrines?

  Water carriage system, Aqua priny, Removal system, Deep trench latrine, Shallow    trench latrine.

6. What are preventive measures for Malaria?

    DDT Spray, Use of mosquito nets, Use of mosquito repellents, Wearing fully covered dress, Avoid stagnant water near leaving area, Spray kerosene oil in stagnant drainage water.

7. What is the importance of Sanitation?

    Health of a community depends on the sanitation. Under sanitation the cleanliness of the physical surroundings, habits of the people, quality of food, water and air is taken care of.

8. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

    a. There are 206 bones in the human body.

    b. Heart circulates blood to all parts of the body through Arteries and receives it back through Veins.

    c. A poisonous waste product known as Carbon dioxide is removed from the lungs during breathing out.

    d. Oxygen and nourishment is carried to all parts of the body by Blood.

    e. Silvery wire like fibres which are connected with the brain are called Nerves.

    f. The wound caused by a bullet is known as Gun Shot Wound(GSW).

    g. ‘Surya Namaskara’ is a combined sequence of 12 positions.

    h. A bandage made of elastic material is known as Crepe Bandage.

 9. List out any five diseases carried by mosquitoes and flies.

      Malaria, Dengue, Filariasis, Diarrhoea, Dysentry, Cholera, Typhoid

10. Write down the first aid for ‘Drowning’ cases.

   Loosen wet clothes; Clean mouth, throat and nostrils of mucous and any foreign body;     Lie the patient down over belly, face down, head to one side, arms stretched and tongue pulled out; Give artificial respiration till patient starts breathing; Cover the patient with a blanket.

11. List out any five articles required for ‘Dressing of a Wound’.

      Anti septic lotion, Cotton, Guaze Piece, Bandage of different sizes, Band-Aid, Scissors,   Anti Septic ointment or powder.

12. A fracture is broadly classified into how many types.

     Simple or Closed fracture, Compound or Open fracture, Complicated fracture

13. What are the different types of Urinals?

      a. Trough Urinals       b. Funnel Urinals

14. Name any two tests for the diagnosis of AIDS?

      1. ELISA Test (Enzyme Linked Sorbant Assay)              2. Western Blot Test

15. What are types of artificial respiration?

  Holger Nielson Method, Schaefer’s Method, Mouth to Mouth Method, Sylverster’s     Method.

16. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

    a. The germs move from a sick person to healthy person through blood sucking insects knows as Mosquito.

    b. Look, think and Act is the motto of First Aid.

    c. Waste material in the form of urine is removed by Kidney.

    d. WHO stands for World Health Organization.

    e. Bones gives shapes and firmness to the body. 

    f. Voluntary and involuntary are the two types of muscles.

    g. Fracture is a discontinuity or break in a bone.

    h. Vitamins fulfills all needs to be in a state of complete fitness. It is a science of         right living.

    j. Compound fracture means displacement of one more bones at a joint.

   h. B.C.G Vaccination stands for Bacilli Calmette Guerin.

   i. Myocarditis refers to infection of Heart.

   j. The part of human body that produces Insulin is Pancreas.

   k. Pyorrhoea is a disease which effects Gums.

   l. Cataract is a complaint of the Eyes.

17. What are the preventive measures for communicable diseases?

      Segregate the patient, Destroy agents causing infection, Disinfections, Control       of the blood and drink, Inoculation and Vaccination.

18. What is the first aid for Snake Bite?

      * Relax and calm the patient as most death are due to fear and shock.

      * Apply a tourniquet above the site of bite to prevent the poison from entering the blood circulation. Release for ½ minute in every ½ hour.

      * Immobilize the bitten part

      * Wash the site with soap and water

      * Two fine, superficial incisions may be given carefully with a sterile blade over         the bite.

      * Suction may be applied to remove the venom.

      * Give artificial respiration, if necessary.

      * Meanwhile send for doctor or bring the patient to a doctor after giving first              aid treatment.

19.   What does the Human body consists of?

         Skelton (Bones of the body), Muscles, Blood circulatory organs, Respiratory organs, Digestive organs, Excretory organs, Nervous system organs.

20. Name two diseases caused by the following insects:-

      a) Mosquito – Malaria, Dengue, Filarial

      b) Lice – Typhus, Relapsing fever

      c) Flies – Diarrhea, Dysentery, Cholera, Typhoid

      d) Flea – Plague, Typhus

      e) Ticks – Relapsing fever, Typhus

21. What is the Water borne diseases? How do they spread and how they can be prevented?

      Certain diseases spread due to infection carried through water. These are cholera, dysentery, diarrhea, jaundice etc. These spread as water gets contaminated through vomits or fasces passing into it. Epidemics are likely to spread if immediate steps are not taken to disinfect water and to properly dispose off the excreta through efficient conservancy arrangements. All sources of the diseases ought to be segregated.

22. What are the elements of good health?

     Absence of disease, Ability to work hard with efficiency and enthusiasm, Ability to endure stress and strain, Courage, Freedom from anxiety, Self control and self confidence, Sense of well being, Wholesome mental attitude.

23. What are the causes of fracture?

      a) Through Direct Violence: The bone breaks on the spot where direct violence is applied by a kick, bullet, blow etc.

     b) Through Indirect Violence: The bone breaks at some distant place from the spot of violence. i.e., fracture of clavicle, base of skull etc.

      c) Through Forcible Muscular Contraction: Fracture of patella by contraction of thigh muscle. Fracture of ribs may be caused by violent couching.

     d) Diseases of Bones: Certain diseases of bones make them weak and easily                breakable.

24. Write five important factors for maintaining good personal hygiene.

Sleep - 7 to 8 hrs

Cleanliness - Nails cut short to avoid collection of dirt and carrying infection

Bathing – Keep the skin clean in healthy condition is essential for good health

Eating and drinking – Properly cooked food with its full nutritive value is beneficial                                   for health 

Exercises – Organized games and physical exercises are necessary for proper                           development of the body and mind.